Indice specialistico Infettivologia

Questa pagina contiene: Epidemiologia Clinica Terapia e profilassi Bibliografia essenziale Vengono qui di seguito riportati soltanto alcuni tra i lavori più recenti che possano in qualche modo fornire indicazioni ulteriori o complementari a quanto riportato nel testo. Epidemiologia - Groll A, Shah PM, Mentzel C, Schneider M, Just-Nuebling G, Huebner K. Trends in the post-mortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a University Hospital. J. Infect. 1996 ; 33 :23-32. Importante rassegna sull’incidenza delle micosi, spesso non diagnosticate in vita, quale causa di morte in pazienti ospedalizzati. - Ochs L, Shu XO, Miller J, et al. Late infections after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: comparison on incidence in related and unrelated donor transplant recipients. Blood 1995; 86: 3979-3986. Identificazione di una popolazione a rischio di infezione grave nel periodo post trapianto, in soggetti non neutropenici. I pazienti sottoposti a trapianto da non consanguineo risultano particolarmente a rischio. - Sepkowitz KA. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (suppl 2): S416-S422 Identificazione di "nuovi" gruppi di pazienti a rischio di polmonite da P.carinii e pertanto meritevoli di profilassi. - Pfaller M, Wenzel R. Impact of the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the 1990s. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11: 287-291. - Bodey G, Bueltman B, Duguid W, et al. Fungal infections in cancer patients: an international autopsy survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11: 99-109. - Tuan IZ, Dennison D, Weisdorf DJ. Pneumoystis carinii pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transpl 1992; 10: 267-272. - Varthalis J, Aoun M, Daneau D, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with cancer. An increasing incidence. Cancer 1993; 71: 481-485. Identificazione di "nuovi" gruppi di pazienti a rischio di polmonite da P.carinii e pertanto meritevoli di profilassi. - Abi-Said D, Anaissie E, Uzun O, Raad I, Pinzcowsky H, Vartivarian S. The epidemiology of hematogenous candidaisis caused by different Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 1997 ;24 :1122-8. - Zinner SH. New and unusual infections in neutropenic patients. In Klastersky J, ed.: Infectious complications of cancer. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995; pp:173-184. - Koll BS, Brown AE. The changing epidemiology of infections at cancer hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (suppl. 2): S322-S328. - Krcmery V Jr. Emerging fungal infections in cancer patients. J Hosp Infect 1996; 33: 109-117. - Anaissie E. Opportunistic mycoses in the immunocompromised host: experience at a cancer center and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14 (suppl 1): S43-S53. - Garaventa A, Rondelli R, Castagnola E, et al. Fatal pneumopathy in children after bone marrow transplantation - report from the italian registry. Bone Marrow Transpl 1995; 16: 669-74. Infezioni correlate ai cateteri venosi centrali - Gill V, Klein NC, Cunha BA. Unusual organisms causing intravenous line infections in compromised hosts: bacterial and algal infection. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1996; 5: 244-255. - Castagnola E, Conte M, Garaventa A, et al. Indwelling central venous catheter-related sepsis. Med Pediatr Oncol 1998; 30: 73-74. - Castagnola E, Garaventa A, Viscoli C, et al. Changing pattern of pathogens causing Broviac catheter-related bacteraemias in children with cancer. J Hosp Infect 1995; 29: 129-33. - Daghistani D, Horn M, Rodriguez Z, et al. Prevention of indwelling central venous catheter sepsis. Med Pediatr Oncol 1996; 26:405-8. - Groeger JS, Lucas AB, Thaler HT, et al. Infectious morbidity associated with long-term use of venous access devices in patients with cancer. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119:1168-74. - Viscoli C, Garaventa A, Boni L, et al. Role of Broviac catheters in infections in children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7: 556-60. Clinica e Diagnostica di laboratorio Quadri clinici - Viscoli C, Castagnola E. Factors predisposing cancer patients to infection. In Klastersky J, ed.: Infectious complications of cancer. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995; pp:1-30. - Walsh TJ, Hiemenz J, Pizzo PA. Editorial response: evolving risk factors for invasive fungal infections — all neutropenic patients are not the same. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 793-798. - Whimbey E, Goodrich J, Bodey GP. Pneumonia in cancer patients. In Klastersky J, ed.: Infectious complications of cancer. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995; pp:185-210. - Ritter J, Roots N. Special aspects related to invasive fungal infections in children with cancer. Bailliere’s Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995; 2: 179-204. - Stellato T, Shenk R. Gastrointestinal emergencies in the oncology patient. Semin Oncol 1989; 16: 521-531. - Lukes S, Posner JB, Nielsen S, Armstrong D. Bacterial infections of the CNS in neutropenic patients. Neurol 1984; 34:269-275. - Sloas MM, Flynn PM, Kaste SC, Patrick CC. Typhlitis in children with cancer: a 30-year experience. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 484-490. - Walsh TJ. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with neoplastic diseases. Semin Respirat Infect 1990; 5: 111-122. - Talcott JA, Siegel RD, Finberg R, Goldman L. Risk assessment in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia: a prospective, two-center validation of a prediction rule. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 1992; 10: 316-322. - Talcott JA, Whalen A, Clark J, Rieker PP, Finberg R. Home antibiotic therapy for low-risk cancer patients with fever and neutropenia: a pilot study of 30 patients based on a validated prediction rule. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 1994; 12: 107-114. - Lucas KG, Brown AE, Armstrong D, Chapman D, Heller G. The identification of febrile, neutropenic children at low risk for bacteremia and complications of sepsis. Cancer, 1996; 77: 791-798. Diagnostica - Feusner J, Cohen R, O’Leary M, Beach B. Use of routine chest radiography in the evaluation of fever in neutropenic pediatric oncology patients. J Clin Oncol, 1988; 6: 1699-1702. - Donowitz GR, Harman C, Pope T, Stewart FM. The role of the chest roentgenogram in febrile neutropenic patients. Arch Intern Med, 1991; 151: 701-704. - Ligtenberg PC, Hoepelman IM, Oude Sogtoen GA, Dekker AW, van der Tweel I, Rozenberg Arska M, Verhoef J. C-reactive protein in the diagnosis and management of infections in granulocytopenic and non-granulocytopenic patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1991; 10: 25-31. - Manian FA. A prospective study of daily measurement of C-reactive protein in serum of adults with neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis, 1995; 21:114-121. - Rintala E, Irjala K, Nikoskelainen J. Value of measurement of C-reactive protein in febrile patients with hematologic malignancies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11:973-978. Diagnostica microbiologica - Feld R. The role of surveillance cultures in patients likely to develop chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Supportive Care in Cancer, 1997; 5: 371-375. Ampia ed aggiornata revisione sull’utilità delle colture di sorveglianza. - Paisley JW, Lauer BA. Pediatric blood cultures. Clin Lab Med, 1994; 14: 17-30 Contiene indicazioni pratiche sull’esecuzione delle emocolture in età pediatrica. - Weinstein MP. Current blood culture methods and systems: clinical concepts, technology and interpretation of results. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 23: 40-46. Ampia revisione sull’esecuzione delle emocolture in adulti e bambini Terapia, profilassi, resistenze ai farmaci Terapia antibatterica - Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, Brown Ae, Edwards Je, Feld R, Pizzo P, Rolston Kvi, Shenep Jl, Young Ls. Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. Clin Infect Dis, 1997; 25:551-573. La posizione dell’Infectious Disease Society of America sulla terapia empirica iniziale della neutropenia febbrile. - Lau RC, Doyle JJ, Freedman MH, King SM, Richardson SE. Early discharge of pediatric febrile neutropenic cancer patients by substitution of oral for intravenous antibiotics. Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 1994; 11: 417-421. - Sundararajan V, Rubenstein EB, Rolston KVI, Elting LS. Controversies in new antibiotic therapy for ambulatory patients. Support Care Cancer, 1997; 5:358-364. Una revisione sulle terapie domiciliari e sulla dimissione precoce di pazienti con neutropenia febbrile. - Bash RO, Katz JA, Cash JV, Buchanan GR. Safety and cost-effectiveness of early hospital discharge of lower risk children with cancer admitted for fever and neutropenia. Cancer, 1994; 74:189-196. - Cohen KJ, Leamer K, Odom L, Greffe B, Stork L. Cessation of antibiotics regardless of ANC is safe in children with febrile neutropenia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 1995; 17: 325-330. - Di Nubile MJ. Stopping antibiotic therapy in neutropenic patients. Ann Intern Med, 1988; 108: 289-292. - The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Efficacy and toxicity of single daily doses of amikacin and ceftriaxone versus multiple daily doses of amikacin and ceftazidime for infection in patients with cancer and granulocytopenia. Ann Intern Med, 1993; 119: 584-593. - Cometta A, Zinner S, de Bock R, et al. Piperacillin-tazobactam plus amikacin versus ceftazidime plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocytopenic patients with cancer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1995; 39: 445-452. - Freifield AG, Walsh T, Marshall D, et al. Monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in cancer patients: a randomized comparison of ceftazidime versus imipenem. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 165-176. - Cometta A, Calandra T, Gaya H, et al. Monotherapy with meropenem versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocytopenic patients with cancer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1996; 40: 1108-1115. - Viscoli C, Moroni C, Boni L, et al. Ceftazidime plus amikacin versus ceftazidime plus vancomycin as empiric therapy in febrile neutropenic children with cancer. Rev Infect Dis, 1991; 13: 397-404. - Herbrecht R, Blaise D, Espinouse D, et al. Isepamicin once daily plus ceftriaxone in febrile neutropenic patients. J Chemother, 1995; 7 (Suppl. 2):103-110. - De Pauw BE, Deresinski Sc, Feld R, et al. Ceftazidime compared with piperacillin and tobramycin for the empiric theraphy for fever in neutropenic patients with cancer. Ann Intern Med, 1994; 120: 834-844. - Winston DJ, Winston G, Bruckner DA, et al. Beta-Lactam antibiotic therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Ann Intern Med, 1991; 115: 849-859. - Cordonnier C, Herbrecht R, Pico JL, et al. Cefepime/amikacin versus ceftazidime/amikacin as empirical therapy for febrile episodes in neutropenic patients: a comparative study. Clin Infect Dis, 1997; 24:41-51. - Ramphal R, Gucalp R, Rotstein C, et al. Clinical experience with single agent and combination regimens in the management of infection in the febrile neutropenic patients. Am J Med, 1996; 100 (Suppl 6A): 83-89. - Del Favero A, Menichetti F, Guerciolini R et al. Prospective randomized clinical trial of teicoplanin for empiric combined antibiotic therapy in febrile granulocytopenic acute leukemia patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31:1126-1129 - EORTC, International Antimicrobial Theraphy Cooperative Group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada. Vancomycin added to empirical combination antibiotic therapy for fever in granulocytopenic cancer patients. J Infect Dis, 1991; 163:951-958. - Micozzi A, Nucci M, Venditti M, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam/amikacin versus piperacillin/tazobactam/amikacin/teicoplanin in the empirical treatment of neutropenic patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1993; 12: 1-8. - Viscoli C, Dudley M, Ferrea G, et al. Serum concentrations and safety of single daily dosing of amikacin in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1991; 27 (Suppl C): 113-120. - Blaser J, Koenig C, Simmen HP, Thurnheer U. Monitoring serum concentrations for once-daily netilmicin dosing regimens. J Antimicorb Chemother, 1994; 33: 341-348. - Prins JM, Koopmans RP, Bueller HR, Kuijper EJ, Speelman P. Easier monitoring of aminoglycoside therapy with once-daily dosing schedules. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1995; 14: 531-535. Indicazioni "pratiche" per il monitoraggio della terapia con aminoglicosidi in monodose giornaliera - Rubinstein EB, Rolston K, Benjamin RS, et al. Outpatient treatment of febrile episodes in low-risk neutropenic patients with cancer. Cancer ,1993; 71: 3640-3646. - Talcott JA, Whalen A, Clark J, Rieker PP, Finberg R. Home antibiotic therapy for low-risk cancer patients with fever and neutropenia: a pilot study of 30 patients based on a validated prediction rule. J Clin Oncol, 1994; 12: 107-114. Suggerimenti "pratici" per un approccio razionale alla terapia extra-opsedaliera della neutropenia febbrile. - Martino P, Girmenia C, Raccah R, et al. Single daily dose ceftriaxone plus amikacin treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients attending day hospital for hematologic malignancies. Oncology, 1992; 49: 49-52. - Wiernikowski JT, Rothney M, Dawson S, Andrew M. Evaluation of a home intravenous antibiotic program in pediatric oncology. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 1991; 13: 144-147. - Gardembas-Pain M, Desablens B, Sensebe L, Lamt T, Ghandour C, Boasson M. Home treatment of febrile neutropenia: an empirical oral antibiotic regimen. Ann Oncol, 1991; 2: 485-487. - Malik IA, Khan WA, Aziz Z, Karim M. Self-administered antibiotic therapy for chemotherapy-induced, low-risk febrile neutroepnia in patients with nonhematologic neoplasms. Clin Infect Dis, 1994; 19: 522-527. Terapia antifungina - Walsh TJ, Lyman TA. New antifungal compounds and strategies for treatment of invasive fungal infections in patients with neoplastic diseases. Cancer Treatment and Research: Infectious Complications of Cancer. J. Klastersky ed. 1995, pp: 113-148. Ampia revisione sui farmaci antifungini. - Martino P, Girmenia C, Micozzi A, et al. Prospective study of Candida colonization, use of empiric amphotericin B and development of invasive mycosis in neutropenic patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1994; 13: 797-804. Contiene suggerimenti "pratici" per ottimizzare la terapia antifungina empirica. - Denning DW, Stevens DA. Antifungal and surgical treatment of invasive aspergillosis: review of 2121 published cases. Rev Infect Dis, 1990; 12: 1147-1201. Ampia e "classica" revisione sul trattamento delle aspergillosi. - Denning DW. Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 23: 608-615. Ampia revisione "aggiornata" sul trattamento delle aspergillosi in pazienti neoplastici. - Hiemenz JE, Walsh TJ. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: progress and future directions. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 22 (suppl 2): S133-S144. Revisione della letteratura sui preparati lipo-veicolati di anfotericina B. - Castagnola E, Bucci B, Montinaro E, Viscoli C. Fungal Infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: an approach to a rational mangement protocol. Bone Marrow Transpl, 1996; 18 (Suppl. 2): 97-106. Consigli "pratici" sul trattamento antifungino in pazienti oncologici. - De Paw BE, Anaissie E. Controversies in the management of candidiasis in neutropenic patients treated for malignant diseases: new versus old or better versus worse. Internat J Infect Dis, 1997; 1 (Suppl 1): S32-SS36. Revisione sulle problematiche inerenti il trattamento delle infezioni da Candida. - Rex JH, Bennet JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, van der Horst CM, Edwards JE, Washburn RJ, Scheld Wm, Karchmer AW, Dine AP, Levenstein MJ, Webb CD. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericine B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med, 1994; 331: 1325-30. Il fluconazolo è efficace nel trattamento delle candidemie nel non-neutropenico - Anaissie E, Darouiche RO, Abi-Said D, et al. Management of invasive candidal infections: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 23: 964-972. Il fluconazolo è efficace anche nelle candidemie del neutropenico - Anaissie E, Vartivarian SE, Abi-Sad D, et al. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis, a matched cohort study. Am J Med, 1996; 101: 170-176. Il fluconazolo è efficace anche nelle candidemie del neutropenico - DePAuw BE, Meis JFGM. Progress in fighting systemic fungal infections in haematological neoplasia. Support Care Cancer, 1998; 6: 31-38. Revisione sui dati al momento disponibili sull’efficacia dei diversi approcci al trattamento e alla prevenzione delle micosi. Piccolo confronto tra i diversi composti lipo-veicolati - Viscoli C, Castagnola E, Machetti M. Antifungal treatment in patients with cancer. J Intern Med, 1997; 242 (Suppl. 740): 89-94. Revisione dei trattamenti antifungini con consigli "pratici" per la somministrazione dei farmaci - Gallis HA, Drew RH, Pickard WW. Amphotericin B:30 years of clinical experience. Rev Infect Dis, 1990; 12: 308-329. Ampia revisione sulla tossicità dell’anfotericina B. - Glaser V. Liposomal antifungals battle for market share. Bio/Technology, 1995; 13: 728-729. - Van Burik JH, Bowden RA. Standard antifungal treatment, including role of alternative modalities to administer amphotericin B. Baillière’s Clin Infect Dis, 1995; 2: 89-109. Ampia revisione sulle terapie antifungine. - Tang CM, Bowler ICJW. Do the new lipid formulations of amphotericin B really work? Clin Microbiol Infect, 1997;3:283-288. - Jarknegt R, de Marie S, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, Commelin DJA. Liposomal and lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmac, 1992; 24: 279-291. Farmacocinetica ed efficacia dei preparati lipo-veicolati di anfotericina B. - Ayestaran A, Lopez RM, Montoro JB, et al. Pharmacokinetics of conventional formulations versus fat emulsion formulation of amphotericin B in a group of patients with neutropenia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1996; 40: 609-612. Farmacocinetica ed efficacia dei preparati lipo-veicolati di anfotericina B. - Groll A, Giri N, Gonzalez C, et al. Penetration of lipid formulations of amphotericin B into cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue. Abstract of the 37th ICAAC- Toronto, 1997; Abstr. n. A-90. - Brajtburg J, Bolard J. Carrier effects on biological activity of amphotericin B. Clin Microbiol Rev, 1996; 9: 512-531. Farmacocinetica ed efficacia dei preparati lipo-veicolati di anfotericina B. - Prentice HG, Hann IM, Herbrecht R, et al. A randomized comparison of liposomal versus conventional amphotericin B for the treatment of phyrexia of unknown origin in neutropenic patients. Brit J Haematol, 1997; 711-718. - Koren G, Lon A, Klein J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of amphotericin B in infants and children. J Pediatr, 1988; 113: 559-563. - Graybill JR. Is there a correlation between serum antifungal drug concentration and clinical outcome? J Infect, 1994; 28 (Suppl 1): 17-24. Valutazioni sul rapporto dose-effetto nei farmaci antifungini Profilassi antibatterica - Cruciani M, Rampazzo R, Malena M, et al. Prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones for bacterial infections in neutropenic patients: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 23: 795-805. Meta-analisi sull’efficacia dei chinoloni in profilassi anti-infettiva in pazienti oncologici Profilassi antifungina - Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA, Chandrasekar PH, Fox B, Kaizer H, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med, 1992; 326: 845-851. - Karp JE, Burch P, Mertz MG An approach to intensive antileukemia therapy in patients with previous invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med, 1988; 85: 203-209. - Perfect JR, Klotman ME, Gilbert CC, Krawford DD, Rosner GL, Wright KA, et al. Prophylactic intravenous amphotericin B in neutropenic autologous bone marrow transplant recipients. J Infect Dis, 1992; 165: 891-897 - Menichetti F, Del Favero A, Martino P, et al. Preventing fungal infection in neutropenic patients with acute leukemia: fluconazole compared with oral amphotericin B. Ann Intern Med, 1994; 120: 913-918. - Winston DJ, Chandrasekar PH, Lazarus HM, et al. Fluconazole prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with acute leukemia. Results of a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial. Ann Intern Med, 1993; 118: 495-503. Profilassi della polmonite da P. carinii - Grubman S, Simonds RJ. Preventing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus infected children: new guidelines for prophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis, J 1996; 15: 165-168. Indicazioni "pratiche" per la profilassi della polmonite da P.carinii in età pediatrica (valide anche per soggetti senza malattia da HIV) - Weinthal J, Frost JD, Briones G, Cairo MS. Successful Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis using aerosolized pentamidine in children with acute leukemia. J Clin Oncolm, 1994; 12: 136-140. - Pui CH. Hughes WT, Evans WE, Crist WM. Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with cancer. J Clin Oncol, 1994; 12: 1522. Resistenze ai farmaci - Gold HS, Moellering RC. Antimicrobial-drug resistance. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1445-53. Le problematiche emergenti sulla resistenza agli antibiotici - Cometta A, Calandra T, Bille J, Glauser MP. Escherichia coli resistant to fluoroquinolon prophylaxis in patients with cancer and neutropenia. N Engl J Med, 1994; 330: 1240-1241 - Richard P, Delangle MH, Merrien D, Barillé S, Reynaud A, Minozzi C, Richet H. Fluoroquinolone use and fluoroquinolone resistance: in there an association? Clin Infect Dis, 1994; 19: 54-59. Rischio di selezione di ceppi multi-resistenti in pazienti in profilassi con chinoloni. - Castagnola E, Viscoli C. Gram-positive infections and quinolones in neutropenia. Ann Intern Med, 1997; 126: 830-1 (letter). - Gorbach SL. Antimicrobial resistance in the 1990s. Infect Dis Clin Pract, 1996; 5 (suppl 1): S32-S36. - Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, et al. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med, 1991; 325: 1274-1277. - Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Miller CB, Karp JE, Saral R. Association of Torulopsis glabrata infection with fluconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993; 37: 1847-1849 - Rex JH, Rinaldi MG, Pfaller MA. Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 1995;39:1-8. Le resistenze al fluconazolo in diversi gruppi di pazienti - Vanden Bosche H, Warnock DW, Dupont B, et al. Mechanisms and clinical impact of antifungal drug resistance. J Med Vet Mycol, 1994; 32 (suppl 1): 189-202. - Vant Wout JW. Fungal infections and antifungal drugs: has the age of antifungal resistance dawned? Curr Opin Infect Dis, 1996; 9: 63-66. - Odds FC. Resistance of yeasts to azole-derivative antifungals. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 463-471. - DeMuri GP, Hostetter MK. Resistance to antifungal agents. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1995; 42: 665-685. ALTRE TERAPIE - From the "Immunocompromised Host Society": Granulocyte transfusions in the compromised host. Report of a consensus panel. Program and Abstract of the 8th International Symposium on Infections in the Compromised Host; Davos, 1994. Linee guida "pratiche" per l’utilizzo di trasfusioni di granulociti - Strauss RG. Therapeutic granulocyte transfusion in 1993. Blood, 1993; 1675-1678. - Grigg A, Lusk J, Szer J. G-CSF stimulated donor granulocye collection for neutropenic sepsis. Leuk Lymph, 1995; 18: 329-334. - Bhatia S, McCullough J, Perry EH, Clay M, Ramsay NKC, Neglia JP. Granulocyte transfusion: efficacy in treating fungal infections in neutropenic patients following bone marrow transplantation. Transfusion, 1994; 34: 226-232. - Anderlini P, Przepiorka D, Champlin R, Koerbling M. Biologic and clinical effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in normal individuals. Blood 1996; 88: 2819-2825. Linee guida sulla somministrazione dei fattori di crescita - Hartmann LC, Tschetter LK, Habermann TM, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in severe chemotherapy induced afebrile neutropenia. N Engl J Med, 1997; 336: 1776-1780, Qual è la vera utilità dei fattori di crescita nella profilassi delle infezioni nel neutropenico? - Pui C, Boyett JM, Hughes WT, et al. Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after induction chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med, 1997; 336: 1781-1787. Qual’è la vera utilità dei fattori di crescita nella profilassi delle infezioni nel neutropenico?